Research guides
What each compound is, what the studies measured and what is still open. Every figure carries its source. Written for the laboratory, not the clinic.
Mitochondrial health: SS-31, MOTS-c and NAD+ in the research on cellular energy
SS-31, MOTS-c and NAD+ each reach mitochondrial energy production by a different route: a peptide that binds a membrane lipid, a peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA that signals through AMPK, and the coenzyme the respiratory chain runs on. This guide follows what their cell, animal and human studies measured, the positive results and the null ones alike.
28 September 2026 · 18 min read
What is MOTS-c? The AMPK and metabolic research so far
MOTS-c is a short peptide encoded within mitochondrial DNA that is reported to activate AMPK, chiefly in skeletal muscle. Mouse studies describe metabolic and physical-capacity effects, human observational studies of circulating MOTS-c report mixed and sometimes null findings, and two clinical registrations are testing MOTS-c and an analogue in people, with no published human interventional result yet.
11 September 2026 · 14 min read